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Water intake at the treatment plant can come from a number of different sources. Surface waters come from rivers, lakes and reservoirs, which may have a wide range of chemistries with high mineral and metal contents, chloride levels and particulates.
Ground waters taken from underground springs, water tables and wells are low in oxygen or fully de-aerated with varying amounts of hydrogen sulphides and sulphate reducing bacteria.
The incoming water streams are usually screened and then treated with oxidising chemicals such as chlorine and potassium permanganate, to precipitate iron and manganese.
The Filters remove these precipitates, flocculant and particulate matter. Inside the treatment plant, additional chemical treatments using ferrous sulphate, alum, caustic soda and other reagents assist in neutralising water streams and the precipitation of metallic ions and particulate matter.
The treated waters will often undergo a final filtration process, using stone/gravel filter beds or activated carbon/ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis, followed by a final disinfection by an oxidant such as chlorine before distribution as drinking waters.